Can (Poaceae) be identified by pollen analysis? Implications for detecting the ancestor of the extinct two-grained einkorn-like wheat.

The domestication of the one-grained einkorn () in the Near East is relatively well known. However, an independent two-grained einkorn-like domestication has been archaeobotanically detected and scarce information is available. , a wild wheat, was not fully described until the 1970s because the phenology does not allow it to be distinguished easily from wild einkorn ( subsp. ), although a genetic separation exists. Both species are mostly two grained and could potentially be the relatives of the extinct two-grained form. Pollen grains of several genetically well-identified wheat species, including and subsp. , were studied by measuring the grain diameter and examining the exine sculpturing with phase-contrast microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to gain an insight into differences enabling taxonomic identification. This work showed that, although pollen is smaller on average, grain diameter is not sufficient because of the size overlap between the species, but presents a different exine sculpturing (scabrate) from other spp. (aerolate). This outcome is useful for taxonomists and archaeobotanists. First, it will allow a simple re-classification of herbarium materials. Second, further research could establish whether was cultivated.