Effects of exercise on the nephron of Goto-Kakizaki rats: morphological, and advanced glycation end-products and inducible nitric oxide synthase immunohistochemical analyses.

The current study aimed to examine how exercise affects morphology of the nephron, and localization of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) immunoreactivity in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Four groups of male rats were studied. WIS SED (Wistar rats; sedentary) group served as a control. Other groups were WIS EX (Wistar rats; exercise), GK SED (Goto-Kakizaki diabetic rats; sedentary) and GK EX (Goto-Kakizaki diabetic rats; exercise) groups. The rats in EX groups were subjected to 15weeks of treadmill running at a speed of 15m/min for a total of 30minutes, three times a week. Changes in the structure of renal corpuscles and in the distribution of AGEs- and iNOS-immunoreactive cells of the uriniferous tubules were evaluated. Every parameter of GK EX was significantly different from that of GK SED (area of Bowman's capsules: p<0.001, area of glomeruli: p<0.05 and the occupancy of a glomerulus: p<0.05). These findings suggest that exercise may ameliorate glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The localizations of AGEs and iNOS immunostaining in the uriniferous tubules were similar in each group. Immunohistochemical assays revealed that the number of the AGEs and iNOS immunopositive cells of the proximal tubule of cortico-deep layer in EX groups were markedly greater than those in SED groups and that iNOS expression in GK EX was significantly higher than GK SED (p<0.05). Exercise seems to normalize the GFR and glomerular filtrate absorption from the uriniferous tubules in Goto-Kakizaki diabetic rats with the recovered shape of renal corpuscles and may be involved in the absorption and catabolization of AGEs with iNOS-related reactions for reabsorption.