A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: file_get_contents(https://...@pubfacts.com&api_key=b8daa3ad693db53b1410957c26c9a51b4908&a=1): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests

Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php

Line Number: 176

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 176
Function: file_get_contents

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 250
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 1034
Function: getPubMedXML

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3152
Function: GetPubMedArticleOutput_2016

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 575
Function: pubMedSearch_Global

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 489
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

Occurrence of lipophilic marine toxins in shellfish from Galicia (NW of Spain) and synergies among them. | LitMetric

AI Article Synopsis

  • * The study conducted in Galicia in 2014 analyzed shellfish using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to detect various lipophilic toxins, with okadaic acid (OA) being the most common and some samples showing yessotoxin (YTX).
  • * Results indicated that the combination of OA with other toxins like dinophysistoxin 2 (DTX2) or YTX can increase toxicity effects, affecting cell viability and proliferation in a human cell line, highlighting the significance of studying toxin interactions. *

Article Abstract

Lipophilic marine toxins pose a serious threat for consumers and an enormous economic problem for shellfish producers. Synergistic interaction among toxins may play an important role in the toxicity of shellfish and consequently in human intoxications. In order to study the toxic profile of molluscs, sampled during toxic episodes occurring in different locations in Galicia in 2014, shellfish were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), the official method for the detection of lipophilic toxins. The performance of this procedure was demonstrated to be fit for purpose and was validated in house following European guidelines. The vast majority of toxins present in shellfish belonged to the okadaic acid (OA) group and some samples from a particular area contained yessotoxin (YTX). Since these toxins occur very often with other lipophilic toxins, we evaluated the potential interactions among them. A human neuroblastoma cell line was used to study the possible synergies of OA with other lipophilic toxins. Results show that combination of OA with dinophysistoxin 2 (DTX2) or YTX enhances the toxicity triggered by OA, decreasing cell viability and cell proliferation, depending on the toxin concentration and incubation time. The effects of other lipophilic toxins as 13-desmethyl Spirolide C were also evaluated in vitro.

Download full-text PDF

Source
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4413180PMC
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md13041666DOI Listing

Publication Analysis

Top Keywords

lipophilic toxins
16
toxins
9
lipophilic marine
8
marine toxins
8
toxins shellfish
8
synergies lipophilic
8
shellfish
5
lipophilic
5
occurrence lipophilic
4
shellfish galicia
4

Similar Publications

Want AI Summaries of new PubMed Abstracts delivered to your In-box?

Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!