Modification of the susceptibility of gram-negative rods producing ESβLS to β-lactams by the efflux phenomenon.

The production of β-lactamases is the most important mechanism of Gram-negative rod resistance to β-lactams. Resistance to ceftazidime and cefepime in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae (especially ESβL-positive E. coli and K. pneumoniae) and P. aeruginosa is life-threatening. However, all strains of the above mentioned species possess chromosomally encoded RND efflux pump systems in addition to β-lactamase production. The main goal of this study was to assess the role of efflux pump systems in cefepime and/or ceftazidime resistant phenotypes of ESβL-positive clinical strains of Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa. The influence of the efflux pump inhibitor PAβN on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of tested cephalosporins was species-dependent. Generally, a significant reduction (at least four-fold) of β-lactam MICs was observed in the presence of PAβN only in the case of P. aeruginosa clinical isolates as well as the ESβL-producing transformant PAO1161 ΔampC. The usage of this agent resulted in the restoration of susceptibility to cefepime and/or ceftazidime in the majority of the P. aeruginosa ESβL-positive strains with low and moderate resistance to the above cephalosporins. Moreover, an outer membrane permeabilizing effect in the presence of PAβN was identified. Strain-dependent β-lactamase leakage upon PAβN or β-lactam treatment was demonstrated. The most important observation was the restoration of susceptibility of P. aeruginosa WUM226 to cefepime (MIC decrease from 32 to 4 mg/L) and ceftazidime (MIC decrease from 128 to 4 mg/L) in the presence of PAβN, which occurred despite an almost complete lack of β-lactamase leakage from bacterial cells. In conclusion, these data indicate that RND efflux pumps can modify the susceptibility to β-lactams in Gram-negative rods producing ESβLs. However, this phenomenon occurs only in P. aeruginosa strains and was not observed among E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains, representing the Enterobacteriaceae family.