A major constraint to obtaining reliable information about blindness and its causes in developing countries is the limited availability of ophthalmologists for diagnosis in population-based surveys. This study in rural south India assessed the feasibility of using non-ophthalmologists to make diagnoses in a population-based survey. Ten men in their early twenties with 12 years of schooling were recruited and trained as ophthalmic assistants through a six week course in basic ophthalmology. All people aged 40 and older in households in 24 villages were enumerated and invited to have an eye examination. At a central site, 1309 subjects were independently examined by an ophthalmologist and two different ophthalmic assistants. Ophthalmic assistant cataract diagnosis is both sensitive and specific relative to the ophthalmologist's diagnosis. Sensitivity and specificity estimates were used to adjust prevalence estimates obtained from ophthalmic assistant examinations conducted at the central site as well as at the doorstep of sample households. The findings indicate that epidemiologic assessment of cataract blindness can be completed using non-ophthalmologists to diagnose cataract.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/18.supplement_2.s60 | DOI Listing |
JAMA Netw Open
January 2025
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Importance: Ultraprocessed foods (UPF), characterized as shelf-stable but nutritionally imbalanced foods, pose a public health crisis worldwide. In adults, UPF consumption is associated with increased obesity risk, but findings among children are inconsistent.
Objectives: To examine the associations among UPF intake, anthropometric adiposity indicators, and obesity status in Canadian children.
JAMA Netw Open
January 2025
Healthcare Transformation Institute, Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Importance: Adherence to glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) is important for their effectiveness. Discontinuation and reinitiation patterns are not well understood.
Objective: To describe rates of and factors associated with discontinuation and subsequent reinitiation of GLP-1 RAs among adults with overweight or obesity.
JAMA Netw Open
January 2025
Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Metastasis Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
Importance: Approximately one-third of patients with ERBB2 (formerly HER2 or HER2/neu)-positive (ERBB2+) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) develop brain metastasis. It is unclear whether patients with disease limited to the central nervous system (CNS) have different outcomes and causes of death compared with those with concomitant extracranial metastasis.
Objective: To assess overall survival (OS) and CNS-related mortality among patients with ERBB2+ breast cancer and a diagnosis of CNS disease by disease distribution (CNS only vs CNS plus extracranial metastasis).
Age Ageing
January 2025
Centre for Psychiatry and Mental Health, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, E13 8SP, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
Background: Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) can complicate acute hospital care, but evidence on BPSD in this setting is heterogeneous.
Objective: To determine the prevalence of BPSD in acute hospitals and explore related risk factors, treatments, and outcomes (PROSPERO: CRD42023406294).
Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis by searching Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO for studies on BPSD prevalence among older people with dementia during their acute hospital admissions (up to 5 March 2024).
Crit Care Explor
February 2025
Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA.
Context: COVID-19 has been associated with features of a cytokine storm syndrome with some patients sharing features with the hyperinflammatory disorder, secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH).
Hypothesis: We hypothesized that proteins associated with sHLH from other causes will be associated with COVID-sHLH and that subjects with fatal COVID-sHLH would have defects in immune-related pathways.
Methods And Models: We identified two cohorts of adult patients presenting with COVID-19 at two tertiary care hospitals in Seattle, Washington in 2020 and 2021.
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