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Myriad biological processes proceed through states that defy characterization by conventional atomic-resolution structural biological methods. The invisibility of these 'dark' states can arise from their transient nature, low equilibrium population, large molecular weight, and/or heterogeneity. Although they are invisible, these dark states underlie a range of processes, acting as encounter complexes between proteins and as intermediates in protein folding and aggregation. New methods have made these states accessible to high-resolution analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, as long as the dark state is in dynamic equilibrium with an NMR-visible species. These methods - paramagnetic NMR, relaxation dispersion, saturation transfer, lifetime line broadening, and hydrogen exchange - allow the exploration of otherwise invisible states in exchange with a visible species over a range of timescales, each taking advantage of some unique property of the dark state to amplify its effect on a particular NMR observable. In this review, we introduce these methods and explore two specific techniques - paramagnetic relaxation enhancement and dark state exchange saturation transfer - in greater detail.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033583514000122 | DOI Listing |
Plant Cell
March 2025
Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, and Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), once considered the "dark matter" of the genome, have emerged as critical regulators of gene expression in plants. Research initially focused on model organisms has laid the groundwork for harnessing the potential of ncRNAs in agriculture, particularly for crop protection, improvement and modulation. This review explores the role of long and small ncRNAs in plant biology, highlighting their application as powerful tools in agricultural biotechnology.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBMC Cancer
March 2025
Laboratory of Omics Technology and Bioinformatics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
Background: Transposable elements (TEs), which constitute nearly half of the human genome, have long been regarded as genomic "dark matter". However, their reactivation in tumor cells, resulting in the production of TE-chimeric transcripts (TCTs), has emerged as a potential driver of cancer progression. The complexity and full extent of these transcripts remain elusive, largely due to the limitations of short-read next-generation sequencing technologies.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDrug Deliv Transl Res
March 2025
State Key Laboratories for Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China.
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a serious cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity, mortality, and disability rates, largely due to neuroinflammation. Diosmetin, a natural flavonoid, has known neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion models but has been less studied in ICH. Our previous study developed diosmetin-loaded lactoferrin-modified long-circulating liposomes (Lf-Dios-Lcl), which penetrate the BBB and improve diosmetin bioavailability and brain distribution.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPhys Rev Lett
February 2025
Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China.
The diffuse Galactic gamma-ray emission is a very important tool used to study the propagation and interaction of cosmic rays in the Milky Way. In this Letter, we report the measurements of the diffuse emission from the Galactic plane-covering Galactic longitudes from 15° to 235° and latitudes from -5° to +5°, in an energy range of 1 to 25 TeV-made with the Water Cherenkov Detector Array (WCDA) of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory. After the sky regions of known sources are masked, the diffuse emission is detected with 24.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPhys Rev Lett
February 2025
Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
We report a magneto-optical trap of strontium monohydroxide (SrOH) containing 2000(600) molecules at a temperature of 1.2(3) mK. The lifetime is 91(9) ms, which is limited by decay to optically unaddressed vibrational states.
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