Interpreting imaging studies of a painful hip requires detailed knowledge of the regional anatomy. Some variants of the proximal femur, such as cam-type deformities, can course asymptomatically or cause femoroacetabular impingement. The principal numerical criterion for defining cam-type deformities, the alpha angle, has some limitations. In this article, we review the anatomic variants of the anterior aspect of the proximal femur, focusing on cam-type deformities. Using diagrams and multidetector CT images, we describe the parameters that are useful for characterizing these deformities in different imaging techniques. We also discuss the potential correspondence of imaging findings of cam-type deformities with the terms coined by anatomists and anthropologists to describe these phenomena.
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Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a condition that predominantly affects young people between the ages of 20 and 40. It is characterized by hip pain associated with reduced range of movement of the hip joint. If left untreated, FAI leads to osteoarthritis.
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Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University.
Cam-type deformities of the proximal femur have long been associated with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI); an orthopedic condition recognized in the etiology of early osteoarthritis (OA) in the non-dysplastic adult hip. However, the optimal clinical management (including the long-term prognosis) of patients with cam-type deformities with or without FAI symptoms remains uncertain. In this imaging case review (ICR), we present the 10-year follow-up of a retired chiropractor with bilateral cam-type femoral deformities who initially underwent total right hip joint arthroplasty for advanced hip joint OA, and subsequently developed advanced hip joint OA on the contralateral side.
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Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil.
To evaluate surgeons' performance in resecting CAM-type deformities using a realistic arthroscopic surgery simulator. An arthroscopic simulator was created using low-cost materials with the help of a GTMax Core A1 3D printer and the programs Invesalius and Meshmixer 2017, which were used to develop femoral head parts in ABS material, with the presence of a CAM-type deformity, to mimic a femoroacetabular impact situation. After the operations were performed by 16 surgeons, the femurs were compared to a previous model with deformity and another without, using Cloudcompare, and parameters such as the volumetric difference between the operated femurs, with and without deformity, the minimum and maximum distance between them, the percentage of the deformity resected, the estimated time for total resection of the deformity, as well as a qualitative analysis based on the images and graphs provided by the program representing the areas of the parts resected, were evaluated at the end.
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Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charitè-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Background: Although high-energy trauma mechanisms are generally considered to cause traumatic posterior hip dislocations, femoroacetabular variations are assumed to contribute to low-impact hip dislocations. Thus, the present study aimed to identify morphologic femoral and acetabular risk factors that may also contribute to posterior hip dislocations in high-energy trauma mechanisms.
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