Two trains (A and B) of four-stage moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) were developed for the degradation of thiocyanate (SCN(-)), cyanate (OCN(-)) and ammonia (NH3). A pre-denitrification configuration was established in the first-stage reactor of the B train using SCN(-) and OCN(-) as the sole carbon source. SCN(-), OCN(-) and NH3 were completely removed in both trains. The highest removal of total nitrogen equivalent (total-N) occurred at a loading rate of 5.6 mg-N L(-1) h(-1). The pre-denitrification configuration resulted in increased total-N removal in the B train (62.6%) compared to the A train (38.5%). Thiobacillus spp. were the predominant bacteria in all MBBRs. Bacteria related to bioprocesses involving anaerobic ammonium oxidation were present in the B train, suggesting that part of nitrogen removal occurs via this pathway. Our results showed that the pre-denitrification configuration increases the efficiency of removal of total-N compounds in the SCN(-)/OCN(-)-degrading MBBR process.
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