Despite considerable overall progress in human liver transplantation the results obtained in patients with malignant tumours have not improved significantly over the past years. One of the crucial questions in the ongoing controversial discussion remains the identification of tumour patients with the most favourable prognosis. In a consecutive series of 114 patients who received hepatic transplants for various malignant tumours of the liver and biliary tract, at least some factors could be shown to play a prognostic role. Regarding the histological type of tumour, fibrolamellar carcinoma, epitheloid haemangioendothelioma, and endocrine hepatic metastases seem to have a better long-term survival, whereas cholangiocellular carcinoma and other liver metastases had the worst outcome. In patients with primary liver or proximal bile duct cancer there was a significant influence of the pathological tumour stage at the time of transplantation: significant palliation or cure was almost essentially restricted to patients with early tumour stages as compared with advanced primary tumours and extrahepatic spread where early tumour recurrence developed in all recipients. Thus, the present concept for the treatment of malignant hepatobiliary tumours should include partial as well as total hepatectomy with subsequent liver replacement. In cases of non-resectable lesions or intrahepatic tumour recurrence following previous resection, liver transplantation offers the only chance for long-term survival.
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