EEG-based event detection using optimized echo state networks with leaky integrator neurons.

This study investigates the classification ability of linear and nonlinear classifiers on biological signals using the electroencephalogram (EEG) and examines the impact of architectural changes within the classifier in order to enhance the classification. Consequently, artificial events were used to validate a prototype EEG-based microsleep detection system based around an echo state network (ESN) and a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classifier. The artificial events comprised infrequent 2-s long bursts of 15 Hz sinusoids superimposed on prerecorded 16-channel EEG data which provided a means of determining and optimizing the accuracy of overall classifier on `gold standard' events. The performance of this system was tested on different signal-to-noise amplitude ratios (SNRs) ranging from 16 down to 0.03. Results from several feature selection/reduction and pattern classification modules indicated that training the classifier using a leaky-integrator neuron ESN structure yielded highest classification accuracy. For datasets with a low SNR of 0.3, training the leaky-neuron ESN using only those features which directly correspond to the underlying event, resulted in a phi correlation of 0.92 compared to 0.37 that employed principal component analysis (PCA). On the same datasets, other classifiers such as LDA and simple ESNs using PCA performed weakly with a correlation of 0.05 and 0 respectively. These results suggest that ESNs with leaky neuron architectures have superior pattern recognition properties. This, in turn, may reflect their superior ability to exploit differences in state dynamics and, hence, provide superior temporal characteristics in learning.