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Clinic of Surgical Semiotics and Thoracic Surgery-1, Department IX-Surgery-1, Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania.
Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifaceted autoimmune disorder characterized by significant autoantibodies, particularly targeting nuclear antigens. SLE pathogenesis involves genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. The disease course includes flares and remission and involves various organs.
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Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. Electronic address:
Rituximab is recommended as the preferred second-line immunotherapy for autoimmune encephalitis (AE). However, Ofatumumab (OFA), a novel fully human anti-CD20 antibody, has been reported infrequently in patients with AE. Among the various forms of AE, anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is the most common and severe.
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Institute of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Article Synopsis
- - B and T cells work together to promote autoimmune diseases (AID), leading to challenges in effective treatment with existing B-cell depletion therapies like rituximab and ocrelizumab.
- - Some patients with AID still have high levels of certain B cells that anti-CD20 treatments fail to target, resulting in persistent disease; this is complicated by the fact that B-T cell collaboration occurs primarily in areas where treatment access is limited.
- - Novel therapies utilizing T cells, such as CAR T-cell therapy and T-cell engagers, show promise in managing refractory AID by disrupting the interaction between B and T cells and might offer better outcomes for patients resistant to standard treatment.
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