Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are promising candidates for medical diagnostics and therapeutics, due to their chemical stability, optical properties, and ease of functionalization. Citrate-stabilized reference materials also have potential as negative controls in toxicology studies of other nanoparticles. Here we examine the impact of 30 nm particles on the in vitro development of rat-cortex neural progenitor cells (NPCs), which mimic aspects of the developing neurological environment. AuNPs dispersed in a low serum culture medium initially agglomerated, but then remained stable during a three day incubation period, and agglomerated only slightly during a ten day incubation period, as determined by dynamic light scattering. Transmission electron microscopy indicated the presence of individual nanoparticles at all time points examined. Fixed cells were cross-sectioned by ion milling and imaged by scanning electronmicroscopy and helium-ion microscopy to evaluate particle incorporation. Individual nanoparticles could be resolved inside cross-sectioned cells. AuNPs were incubated with developing NPCs for ten days at concentrations of 0.5 μg/mL Au, 0.1 μg/mL Au, or 0.05 μg/mL Au. Adenosine triphosphate levels, as determined by bioluminescence measurements sensitive to low cell numbers, were not affected by AuNPs and the particles did not interfere with the assay. Multiple endpoints of neurite outgrowth were not altered by AuNPs, in particular, total neurite outgrowth per cell, a sensitive measure of neuronal development. Slide-level comparisons demonstrated the consistent response of NPCs to gold nanoparticles and a positive control chemical, neuroactive lithium. These results indicate that 30 nm citrate-stabilized AuNPs could serve as negative-control reference materials for in vitro measurements of neurite outgrowth.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2014.10.007 | DOI Listing |
Introduction: Neurotrophic factors are widely known for their protective effect on spiral ganglion neurons (SGN) and the protection of these neurons is of great importance to optimize Cochlear Implants, which directly stimulate SGN in deaf patients. Previous studies have identified Cometin - also known as Meteroin-like - to be neuroprotective and beneficial for metabolic disorders. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of different concentrations of recombinant human Cometin (hCometin) on SGN in regard to neuroprotection and neurite outgrowth and to evaluate its neurite guidance potential using a neurite outgrowth chamber.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTransl Psychiatry
January 2025
Department of Neuropsychiatry, Dongguk University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is linked to ion channel dysfunction, including chloride voltage-gated channel-4 (CLCN4). We generated Clcn4 knockout (KO) mice by deleting exon 5 of chromosome 7 in the C57BL/6 mice. Clcn4 KO exhibited reduced social interaction and increased repetitive behaviors assessed using three-chamber and marble burying tests.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInt J Biol Macromol
January 2025
Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. Electronic address:
After spinal cord injury (SCI), reactive astrocytes in the injured area are triggered after spinal cord injury (SCI) and to polarize into A1 astrocytes with a proinflammatory phenotype or A2 astrocytes with an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Monopolar spindle binder 2 (MOB2) induces astrocyte stellation, maintains cell homeostasis, and promotes neurite outgrowth; however, its role in the phenotypic transformation of reactive astrocytes remains unclear. Here, we confirmed for the first time that MOB2 is associated with A1/A2 phenotypic switching in reactive astrocytes following SCI in mice.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBrain Sci
December 2024
Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea.
Background/objectives: α-Synuclein (α-syn) protein is a major pathological agent of familial Parkinson's disease (PD), and its levels and aggregations determine neurotoxicity in PD pathogenesis. Although the pathophysiological functions of α-syn have been extensively studied, its biological functions remain elusive, and there are reports of wild-type (WT) α-syn and two missense mutations of α-syn (A30P and A53T) inducing protective neuritogenesis through neurite outgrowth. However, the function of another α-syn mutation, E46K, has not been fully elucidated.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFront Cell Dev Biol
January 2025
Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine and Ministry of Education, Hainan Academy of Medical Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.
Axon guidance is a key event in neural circuit development that drives the correct targeting of axons to their targets through long distances and unique patterns. Exosomes, extracellular vesicles that are smaller than 100 nm, are secreted by most cell types in the brain. Regulation of cell-cell communication, neuroregeneration, and synapse formation by exosomes have been extensively studied.
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