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White matter maturation profiles through early childhood predict general cognitive ability. | LitMetric

AI Article Synopsis

  • Infancy and early childhood are critical times for rapid brain development, particularly with the maturation of myelinated white matter, which improves communication within the brain.
  • *Research shows that white matter development is closely linked to cognitive ability during early childhood, but studies specifically focusing on children from birth to 4 years are limited.
  • *Findings indicate that children with higher cognitive abilities exhibit slower but sustained myelin development, leading to enhanced neural connectivity that supports future cognitive growth.

Article Abstract

Infancy and early childhood are periods of rapid brain development, during which brain structure and function mature alongside evolving cognitive ability. An important neurodevelopmental process during this postnatal period is the maturation of the myelinated white matter, which facilitates rapid communication across neural systems and networks. Though prior brain imaging studies in children (4 years of age and above), adolescents, and adults have consistently linked white matter development with cognitive maturation and intelligence, few studies have examined how these processes are related throughout early development (birth to 4 years of age). Here, we show that the profile of white matter myelination across the first 5 years of life is strongly and specifically related to cognitive ability. Using a longitudinal design, coupled with advanced magnetic resonance imaging, we demonstrate that children with above-average ability show differential trajectories of myelin development compared to average and below average ability children, even when controlling for socioeconomic status, gestation, and birth weight. Specifically, higher ability children exhibit slower but more prolonged early development, resulting in overall increased myelin measures by ~3 years of age. These results provide new insight into the early neuroanatomical correlates of cognitive ability, and suggest an early period of prolonged maturation with associated protracted white matter plasticity may result in strengthened neural networks that can better support later development. Further, these results reinforce the necessity of a longitudinal perspective in investigating typical or suspected atypical cognitive maturation.

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Source
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4771819PMC
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-014-0947-xDOI Listing

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