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Athlete Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators Abuse: A Systematic Review.
Am J Sports Med
January 2025
Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Background: Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are small-molecule compounds that exert agonist and antagonist effects on androgen receptors in a tissue-specific fashion. Because of their performance-enhancing implications, SARMs are increasingly abused by athletes. To date, SARMs have no Food and Drug Administration approved use, and recent case reports associate the use of SARMs with deleterious effects such as drug-induced liver injury, myocarditis, and tendon rupture.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic forms of testosterone frequently used as performance enhancing drugs among gay, bisexual, and queer (GBQ) men. Despite widespread use, associated harms, and the likely existence of an AAS use disorder, there is no medical consensus on standards of care for people who use AAS, with most medical providers focusing exclusively on abstinence. Individuals using AAS have developed community-based harm reduction strategies to mitigate these harms.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFProfiling and assessing the risks of image- and performance-enhancing drugs use during the COVID-19 lockdown.
Front Public Health
July 2024
Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom.
Background: Image and Performance-Enhancing Drugs (IPEDs) can enhance mental and physical capabilities and impact one's overall health. Initially confined in sport environments, IPEDs use has become increasingly widespread in a high-performing society. The present study was aimed at profiling IPEDs use during the COVID-19 lockdown among an international sample of young adults.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMachine learning models' assessment: trust and performance.
Med Biol Eng Comput
November 2024
Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561, Coimbra, Portugal.
The common black box nature of machine learning models is an obstacle to their application in health care context. Their widespread application is limited by a significant "lack of trust." So, the main goal of this work is the development of an evaluation approach that can assess, simultaneously, trust and performance.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAmmonia Inhalants: Use, Misuse, and Role in Sports Performance.
Sports Health
August 2024
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.
Context: Ammonia inhalants, also known as smelling salts, are preparations of ammonia designed to treat fainting but more commonly used by athletes to boost awareness and arousal during competition. Despite their widespread use, the physiological and performance-enhancing effects of ammonia inhalants remain poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to review the current literature surrounding the benefits, risks, and physiological effects of ammonia inhalants.
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