Exhaled breath analysis is able to identify biomarkers of respiratory and systemic diseases. It was hypothesized that markers of pancreatic function would be identified in the breath of those with diabetes mellitus and cystic fibrosis. Children aged 6-18 years old with diabetes mellitus (DM), cystic fibrosis (CF), cystic fibrosis related diabetes (CFRD) and healthy controls (C) contributed exhaled breath condensate (EBC), with concurrent blood glucose measurements taken from a subset. EBC C-peptide, glucose, sodium concentrations and conductivity were subsequently measured.A total of 104 children were recruited (DM = 56, CF = 26, CFRD = 5, C = 17). C-peptide was detected in EBC: CF 19.6 ± 11.7 pmol L(-1); DM: 9.66 ± 8.27 pmol L(-1); CFRD: 11.9 ± 9.23 pmol L(-1) which was significantly higher than in the control group (0.987 ± 2.26 pmol L(-1)) (p < 0.0001). No statistically significant difference was seen between the three groups for glucose, conductivity or sodium concentration.Glucose was not reliably found in EBC, but C-peptide was found to be higher in CF EBC. This may represent inflammation and a change in airway integrity, rather than increased secretion of this peptide.
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