Erythropoietin and resistant hypertension in CKD.

There is a well-documented association between erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) and hypertension in chronic kidney disease. Studies suggest that the mechanism for this is multifactorial. First, some chronic kidney disease patients may have a limited ability to accommodate a rapid increase in red cell volume because of a decreased glomerular filtration rate, left ventricular hypertrophy, and decreased arterial compliance. Second, there is likely a direct vasoconstrictor effect of ESAs. Although no large randomized controlled trials of ESAs have been designed with blood pressure as an a priori outcome, several meta-analyses have explored this relationship and generally support the existence of ESA-induced hypertension. There are as of yet no data directly linking ESA-induced hypertension with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Despite this, clinicians should be vigilant for ESA-induced hypertension, use caution when using ESAs in patients with resistant hypertension, and be attentive to the rate of hemoglobin increase in patients with poorly controlled blood pressure.