Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@pubfacts.com&api_key=b8daa3ad693db53b1410957c26c9a51b4908&a=1): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 176
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 176
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 250
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3122
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 575
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 489
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Proteins inside a cell remain in highly crowded environments, and this often affects their structure and activity. However, most of the earlier studies involving serum albumins were performed under dilute conditions, which lack biological relevance. The effect of protein-protein interactions on the structure and properties of serum albumins at physiological conditions have not yet been explored. Here, we report for the first time the effect of protein-protein and protein-crowder interactions on the structure and stability of two homologous serum albumins, namely, human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), at physiological conditions by using spectroscopic techniques and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Concentration-dependent self-oligomerization and subsequent structural alteration of serum albumins have been explored by means of fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy at pH 7.4. The excitation wavelength (λex) dependence of the intrinsic fluorescence and the corresponding excitation spectra at each emission wavelength indicate the presence of various ground state oligomers of serum albumins in the concentration range 10-150 μM. Circular dichroism and thioflavin T binding assay revealed formation of intermolecular β-sheet rich interfaces at high protein concentration. Excellent correlations have been observed between β-sheet content of both the albumins and fluorescence enhancement of ThT with protein concentrations. SEM images at a concentration of 150 μM revealed large dispersed self-oligomeric states with sizes vary from 330 to 924 nm and 260 to 520 nm for BSA and HSA, respectively. The self-oligomerization of serum albumins is found to be a reversible process; upon dilution, these oligomers dissociate into a native monomeric state. It has also been observed that synthetic macromolecular crowder polyethylene glycol (PEG 200) stabilizes the self-associated state of both the albumins which is contrary to expectations that the macromolecular crowding favors compact native state of proteins.
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Source |
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la5034959 | DOI Listing |
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