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A new in-tube solid phase microextraction approach named electrochemically controlled in-tube solid phase microextraction (EC in-tube SPME) has been reported. In this approach, in which electrochemistry and in-tube SPME were combined, the total analysis time was decreased and the sensitivity was increased. After electropolymerization of pyrrole on the inner surface of a stainless steel tube, the polypyrrole (PPy)-coated in-tube SPME was coupled on-line to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to achieve automated in-tube SPME-HPLC analysis. After the completion of the EC-in-tube SPME-HPLC system, the PPy-coated tube was used as a working electrode for the uptake of naproxen. It was found that the extraction efficiency could be significantly enhanced using the constant potential. Plackett-Burman design was employed for screening, to determine the variables significantly affecting the extraction efficiency. The significant factors were then optimized using a Box-Behnken design. The linear range and detection limit (S/N = 3) were 0.5-1000 and 0.07 μg L(-1), respectively. Urine samples were successfully analyzed by the proposed method.
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Article Synopsis
- Sample preparation is still a major challenge in analytical processes, despite improvements in instruments, with solid-phase extraction becoming favored over traditional methods due to its simplicity and reduced solvent needs.
- Various microextraction techniques, particularly in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME), have been developed for more efficient sample handling and automation, offering a "green extraction technique" option that minimizes solvent use.
- Innovative materials like molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are enhancing extraction efficiency; MIPs are custom-designed adsorbents that are created through a specific fabrication process to recognize and selectively bind target molecules.
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