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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ctg.2014.15 | DOI Listing |
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Cognitive Reserve? Cognitive Capacity!
Brain Sci
December 2024
Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA.
The concept of cognitive reserve (CR) has been a cornerstone in cognitive aging research, offering a framework to explain how life experiences like education, occupation, bilingualism, and physical exercise may buffer individuals from cognitive decline in the face of aging or neurological disease. However, this paper argues that the CR model, while influential, may have outlived its usefulness due to inherent limitations that constrain future research directions and unintentionally encourage "magical thinking". Specifically, CR's definition, which relies on cognitive performance being "better than expected" based on known measures of brain structure and function, makes the concept temporally bound to current scientific understanding, potentially stifling novel insights into cognition.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSir Nicholas Gilbourne's (magical) cross-over trial of 1631.
J Med Biogr
December 2024
Department of Neurology, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, UK.
We describe a basic 'cross-over' trial undertaken by Sir Nicholas Gilbourne of Kent, England, in or before 1631. This was used to test the effectiveness of 'weapon salve', an ointment claimed to cure 'sympathetically' (i.e.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFLifetime prevalence of questionable health behaviors and their psychological roots: A preregistered nationally representative survey.
PLoS One
November 2024
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
A growing body of evidence suggests that questionable health behaviors- not following medical recommendations and resorting to non-evidence based treatments-are more frequent than previously thought, and that they seem to have strong psychological roots. We thus aimed to: 1) document the lifetime prevalence of intentional non-adherence to medical recommendations (iNAR) and use of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine (TCAM) in Serbia and 2) understand how they relate to 'distal' psychological factors-personality traits and thinking dispositions, and 'proximal' factors-a set of beliefs and cognitive biases under the term 'irrational mindset'. In this preregistered cross-sectional study on a nationally representative sample (N = 1003), we observed high lifetime prevalence of iNAR (91.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIllusionism Big and Small: Some Options for Explaining Consciousness.
eNeuro
October 2024
Department of Psychology and Department of Neuroscience, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
Illusionism is a general philosophical framework in which specific theories of consciousness can be constructed without having to invoke a magical mind essence. The advantages of illusionism are not widely recognized, perhaps because scholars tend to think only of the most extreme forms and miss the range of possibilities. The brain's internal models are never fully accurate, nothing is exactly as the brain represents it, and therefore some element of illusionism is almost certainly necessary for any working theory of consciousness or of any other property that is accessed through introspection.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe Illusory Health Beliefs Scale: preliminary validation using exploratory factor and Rasch analysis.
Front Psychol
September 2024
Department of Quantitative Methods and Statistics, Comillas Pontifical University, Madrid, Spain.
Illusory health beliefs are ill-founded, erroneous notions about well-being. They are important as they can influence allied attitudes, actions, and behaviors to the detriment of personal and societal welfare. Noting this, and the prevalence of paranormal beliefs in contemporary Western society, researchers developed the Paranormal Health Beliefs Scale (PHBS).
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