Drug addiction is characterized by compulsive drug-taking behaviors and a high propensity to relapse following drug cessation. Drug craving and seeking can increase during a period of abstinence, but this phenomenon is not observed in drug-induced reinstatement models. To investigate the effect of withdrawal on cocaine relapse, rats were exposed to extended-access cocaine self-administration and subjected to either 1 or 30 d of withdrawal. When tested during 12 h unlimited access to cocaine (binge), the duration of the withdrawal did not influence cocaine intake. However, using a histamine punishment procedure that greatly suppresses drug-taking behavior, we demonstrate that longer periods of abstinence from cocaine induce a greater persistence in responding for drug in the face of negative consequences.
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| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4217113 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep06876 | DOI Listing |
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Article Synopsis
- The research highlights a gap in addiction studies, which mostly focus on reward and impulsivity, while the withdrawal or negative affect stage—crucial for understanding relapse—has been less explored.
- Different substances show varying patterns of brain activity related to negative emotional processing, with regions like the amygdala, insula, anterior cingulate, and medial prefrontal cortex being implicated in substance dependence.
- Alcohol dependence tends to show blunted reactions to negative stimuli, cocaine dependence exhibits heightened responses, and opioid and cannabis dependence show distinct involvement of specific brain areas, indicating that emotional dysregulation in addiction is substance-specific.
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