Background: Hydroquinone (HQ) with or without retinoic acid (RA) is routinely used for the treatment of hyperpigmented conditions. Skin irritation is a major problem with popular depigmenting agents, resulting in postinflammatory hyperpigmentation.
Objective: To examine the molecular mechanism associated with skin irritation by RA or HQ.
Methods: A genome-wide transcriptional profiling analysis was performed using monolayer cultures of human keratinocytes treated with or without irritant doses of RA, HQ, or sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), a representative irritant. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mapped on human chromosomes using a Manhattan plot. For the validation of candidate DEGs, the chemicals with different concentrations of varying irritation intensities were applied in vitro and in vivo and analyzed using real time-PCR and Western blotting.
Results: DEGs mapped to the 1q21 locus, which is composed of a cluster of genes encoding the cornified envelope precursors, showed an inverse expression pattern in response to HQ and RA. Concentrations of RA and HQ that induced a broad range of irritant responses in cultured cells or mice skin also induced inverse effects on the expression of cornified envelope-associated proteins.
Conclusions: Genetic modulation on cornified envelope-associated proteins by RA-induced irritation, which may be involved in physiological skin barrier disturbance, could be inverse to that by HQ- or SLS-induced irritation.
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