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Rheumatology (Oxford)
January 2025
Lupus Clinic, Rheumatology, Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular, Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Korean Circ J
January 2025
Imaging Department, Harefield Hospital, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Harefield, United Kingdom.
Stress echocardiography has evolved from the sole assessment of regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMAs) to the ABCDE protocol, as recommended by the recent clinical consensus statement from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging, reflecting the need for a more systematic patient assessment. Steps A, B, C, D, and E assess RWMAs, lung B-lines, left ventricular contractile reserve, coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) in mid-distal left anterior descending artery, and heart rate reserve, respectively. Impairment of CFVR is considered as the earliest abnormality in the ischaemic cascade.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInt J Cardiol
January 2025
Division of Cardiology, Sakakibara Heart Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
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