AI Article Synopsis
- Ninety-five percent of urothelial carcinomas are found in the bladder, while only 5% occur in the upper urinary tract, making upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma relatively rare with an incidence of about 2.1-2.4 per 100,000 people annually.
- Diagnosis relies on various methods including imaging, endoscopy, urine cytology, and histology, with histopathological analysis being crucial for determining treatment and follow-up strategies.
- The standard treatment, radical nephroureterectomy, impacts kidney function, leading to more kidney-sparing surgeries for low-risk patients; however, close follow-up is essential due to a 5-year recurrence-free survival rate of only 17-63%, highlighting the need for
Article Abstract
Ninety-five percent of all urothelial carcinomas are located in the bladder and 5% in the upper urinary tract. Therefore, upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma is relatively rare, with an incidence of 2.1-2.4 per 100,000 persons per year. Diagnosis is based on imaging, endoscopy, urine cytology and histology. Histopathological diagnosis of upper urinary tract tumours is essential for choice of therapy and follow-up, as both tumour grade and stage are important prognostic factors. Radical nephroureterectomy is the standard treatment, but has a direct effect on kidney function. For this reason, an increasing number of patients with low-risk tumours undergo kidney-sparing surgery to maintain kidney function. After kidney-sparing surgery intensive follow-up of the ipsilateral upper urinary tract is mandatory because of a five-year recurrence-free survival rate of 17-63%, depending on tumour grade. Current diagnostics all have their limitations. Nowadays, research focuses on improving diagnosis in order to be able to offer better individual treatment.
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