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Methods to analyze the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR).
Methods Enzymol
November 2024
Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States. Electronic address:
The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR) is a mitochondria-to-nuclear signaling pathway that mediates the transcription of genes required to maintain mitochondrial function during development as well as during aging. In this chapter, we describe the approaches and techniques that we and others have used to elucidate the mechanism(s) by which cells detect mitochondrial stress or dysfunction and communicate with the nucleus to induce transcription of a protective stress response. We also describe approaches to evaluate the impact of UPR activation on mitochondrial function and mitochondrial biogenesis including imaging-based approaches as well as approaches to evaluate mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) copy number.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAnalysis of mitochondrial biogenesis regulation by oxidative stress.
Methods Enzymol
November 2024
Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, TS, India. Electronic address:
Of all the causes of metabolic and neurological disorders, oxidative stress distinguishes itself by its sweeping effect on the dynamic cellular redox homeostasis and, in its wake, exposing the vulnerabilities of the protein machinery of the cell. High levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) that mitochondria produce during ATP synthesis can damage mtDNA, lipids, and essential mitochondrial proteins. ROS majorly oxidizes cysteine and methionine amino acids in peptides, which can lead to protein unfolding or misfolding of proteins, which ultimately can have a toll on their function.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAnalysis and prediction of internal mitochondrial targeting signals.
Methods Enzymol
October 2024
Computational Systems Biology, RPTU University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany. Electronic address:
Mitochondria consist of several hundreds of proteins, the vast majority of which are synthesized in the cytosol as precursor proteins from where they are targeted to and imported into mitochondria. The transport of proteins into mitochondria relies on specific targeting information encoded within the protein sequence, known as mitochondrial targeting sequences (MTSs). These N-terminal extensions are usually between 8 and 80 residues long and form amphipathic helices with one hydrophobic and one positively charged surface.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNinety years of pulse oximetry: history, current status, and outlook.
J Biomed Opt
June 2024
University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Neonatology, Neurophotonics and Biosignal Processing Research Group, Zurich, Switzerland.
Significance: This year, 2024, marks the 50th anniversary of the invention of pulse oximetry (PO), which was first presented by Takuo Aoyagi, an engineer from the Nihon Kohden Company, at the 13th Conference of the Japanese Society of Medical Electronics and Biological Engineering in Osaka in 1974. His discovery and the development of PO for the non-invasive measurement of peripheral arterial oxygenation represents one of the most significant chapters in the history of medical technology. It resulted from research and development efforts conducted by biochemists, engineers, physicists, physiologists, and physicians since the 1930s.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFClimate Changes and COVID-19.
Adv Exp Med Biol
August 2024
Faculty of Medicine, Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
Climatic change, which influences population growth and land usage, has been theorized to be linked to the emergence and spread of new viruses like the currently unfolding COVID-19 pandemic. In this chapter, we explain how climate change may have altered the beginning, transmission, and maybe even the sickness consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Where possible, we also provide mechanistic explanations for how this may have occurred.
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