AI Article Synopsis
- The study investigates antifouling properties of four compounds from the synoxazolidinone and pulmonarin families, discovered in a sub-Arctic ascidian from Norway.
- Several tested compounds showed strong effectiveness against various marine species, particularly affecting microfouling and macrofouling processes with minimal toxicity.
- Notably, synoxazolidinone C's antifouling activity was comparable to a commercial product, while the pulmonarins were effective against bacteria but less so against microalgae and barnacles.
Article Abstract
The current study describes the antifouling properties of four members belonging to the recently discovered synoxazolidinone and pulmonarin families, isolated from the sub-Arctic sessile ascidian Synoicum pulmonaria collected off the Norwegian coast. Four simplified synthetic analogues were also prepared and included in the study. Several of the studied compounds displayed MIC values in the micro-nanomolar range against 16 relevant marine species involved in both the micro- and macrofouling process. Settlement studies on Balanus improvisus cyprids indicated a deterrent effect and a low toxicity for selected compounds. The two synoxazolidinones displayed broad activity and are shown to be among the most active natural antifouling bromotyrosine derivatives described. Synoxazolidinone C displayed selected antifouling properties comparable to the commercial antifouling product Sea-Nine-211. The pulmonarins prevented the growth of several bacterial strains at nanomolar concentrations but displayed a lower activity toward microalgae and no effect on barnacles. The linear and cyclic synthetic peptidic mimics also displayed potent antifouling activities mainly directed against bacterial adhesion and growth.
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