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The aim of the study was to evaluate pulmonary nodules (PNs) by incorporating time sensitivity (S) factor in the retention index (RI) and compare with the traditional fixed interval method. After obtaining approval from the Human Investigations Committee, 97 PNs from 81 patients (age=70±11) referred for dual-time fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET (16.1±1.9 mCi) with definite pathological diagnosis or 1-year computed tomography follow-up were retrospectively studied. S=d{ln[SUV]]/d{ln[T]} was obtained by logarithmic regression using scan times, T (0, 1, 2), and standard uptake value (SUV) (0, 1, 2). This time-corrected RI, RIs=[(T2/T1)-1]×100%, was compared with traditional fixed time interval RI, RIx=[(SUV2/SUV1)-1]×100%, by means of receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The mean±SD of T1 and T2 (72.3±14.0 and 134.9±17.6 min, respectively) skewed markedly from the intended time of PET scans (skewness=2.076 and 1.356, respectively). There were 27 benign tumors, 37 cases of non-small-cell lung cancer, 15 other types of cancer, and 18 stable lesions by 1-year computed tomography follow-up. There were significant differences between the nonmalignant group (NM, n=45) and the cancer group (CA, n=52) in time sensitivity (0.186±0.161 vs. 0.483±0.180, P<0.0005) and RIs (12.7±12.5 vs. 37.4±17.5%, P<0.0005). The RIx showed wider variation than RIs, although the difference between NM and CA was also significant (18.0±28.8 vs. 37.8±32.0%, P=0.002). The RIs and RIx were only weakly correlated (r=0.257, P=0.011). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis performed for the CA or NM groups revealed a significant improvement in the diagnostic accuracy for malignancy by RIs (area under the curve=0.880±0.035, P<0.0005) compared with RIx (area under the curve=0.694±0.054, P=0.001). Incorporating the time sensitivity factor improves the diagnostic performance of RI for malignant PNs by using additional biologic information from the variation in fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose uptake times and rates.
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