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Evolving data have shown that the toll like receptors (TLRs) family of innate immune receptors has an important role in driving the activation and inhibition of pathogenic pathways involved in multiple sclerosis (MS). While developing clinical trials targeting MS by TLRs modulators are of considerable interest, several of them have failed. Herein, the various consequences of TLRs pathways activation and the potential of targeting these receptors for therapeutic purposes are described. In particular, different aspects of TLR based therapies are discussed, in order to develop more efficacious and safe therapies targeting inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, especially MS.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/1744666X.2014.953061 | DOI Listing |
Vet Pathol
December 2024
Universidad de León, León, Spain.
The factors that determine the appearance of the different pathologic forms associated with bovine paratuberculosis are not fully understood, but new research suggests a critical role of innate immunity. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) trigger the recognition of invading pathogens by innate immune cells and the onset of specific immune responses. The aim of this work was to assess, immunohistochemically, the expression of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 in intestinal samples of 20 cows showing different types of paratuberculous lesions: uninfected controls, focal lesions, paucibacillary, and multibacillary diffuse forms.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFiScience
December 2024
Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
Peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1), an intracellular antioxidant enzyme, has emerged as a regulator of inflammatory responses via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling. Despite this, the mechanistic details of the PRDX1-TLR4 axis and its impact on osteoclast differentiation remain elusive. Here, we show that PRDX1 suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMediators Inflamm
December 2024
Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China.
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating disease observed in premature infants, characterized by intestinal ischemia and inflammation. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), a master regulator of the cellular response to hypoxia and ischemia, plays a critical role in NEC pathogenesis. However, the precise mechanisms by which HIF-1α influences the intestines in NEC remain poorly understood.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Transl Med
December 2024
Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
Background: Previous research on the lower gastrointestinal tract has proved that microbial dysbiosis can lead to intestinal barrier dysfunction and enhanced visceral sensitivity, thus triggering bowel symptoms. Whether esophageal microbial dysbiosis also contributes to the development of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) symptoms, which are known to be associated with impaired esophageal barrier integrity, remains to be explored.
Methods: Patients with GER symptoms (gastroesophageal reflux disease [GERD] and functional esophageal disorders [FED]), duodenal ulcer patients and healthy controls were prospectively included for esophageal microbial analysis.
RNA Biol
December 2025
Paracrine Therapeutics Pte. Ltd, Tai Seng Exchange, Singapore, Singapore.
Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells (MSCs) are among the most frequently studied cell types in clinical trials, and their small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are now being extensively investigated for therapeutic applications. The RNA cargo of MSC-sEVs, particularly miRNAs and mRNAs, is widely believed to be a key therapeutic component of these vesicles. In this review, we critically examine using first principles and peer-reviewed literature, whether MSC- extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) can deliver sufficient quantity of functional miRNA or mRNA to target compartments within recipient cells to elicit a pharmacological response.
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