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Can Jurors Disregard Inadmissible Evidence? Using the Multiphase Optimization Strategy to Test Interventions Derived from Cognitive and Social Psychological Theories.
Behav Sci (Basel)
December 2024
New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA.
Inadmissible evidence generally biases jurors toward guilty verdicts; jurors who hear inadmissible evidence are more likely to convict than jurors not exposed to inadmissible evidence-even when evidence is constant. When inadmissible evidence is introduced, the common legal remedy is judicial instructions to jurors to disregard it. Appeals courts repeatedly affirm instructions to disregard as a sufficient safeguard of defendants' constitutional rights, despite research finding that jurors do not disregard when instructed.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCommensal-derived tryptophan metabolites fortify the skin barrier: Insights from a 50-species gnotobiotic model of human skin microbiome.
Cell Chem Biol
January 2025
Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Electronic address:
The epidermal barrier defends the body against dehydration and harmful substances. The commensal microbiota is essential for proper differentiation and repair of the epidermal barrier, an effect mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). However, the microbial mechanisms of AHR activation in skin are less understood.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFParallel gene expansions drive rapid dietary adaptation in herbivorous woodrats.
Science
January 2025
School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
How mammalian herbivores evolve to feed on chemically defended plants remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the adaptation of two species of woodrats ( and ) to creosote bush (), a toxic shrub that expanded across the southwestern United States after the Last Glacial Maximum. We found that creosote-adapted woodrats have elevated gene dosage across multiple biotransformation enzyme families.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWeakened Airway Epithelial Junctions and Enhanced Neutrophil Elastase Release Contribute to Age-Dependent Bacteremia Risk Following Pneumococcal Pneumonia.
Aging Cell
January 2025
Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp; pneumococcus), the most common agent of community-acquired pneumonia, can spread systemically, particularly in the elderly, highlighting the need for adjunctive therapies. The airway epithelial barrier defends against bacteremia and is dependent upon apical junctional complex (AJC) proteins such as E-cadherin. After mouse lung challenge, pneumolysin (PLY), a key Sp virulence factor, stimulates epithelial secretion of an inflammatory eicosanoid, triggering the infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) that secrete high levels of neutrophil elastase (NE), thus promoting epithelial damage and systemic infection.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDifferences in smoking cessation behaviors and vaping status among adult daily smokers with and without depression, anxiety, and alcohol use: Findings from the 2018 and 2020 International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping (ITC 4CV) Surveys.
Int J Ment Health Addict
December 2024
Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
This study examined differences in quit attempts, 1-month quit success, and vaping status at follow-up among a cohort of 3709 daily smokers with and without depression, anxiety, and regular alcohol use who participated in both the 2018 and 2020 International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping (ITC 4CV) Surveys. At baseline, a survey with validated screening tools was used to classify respondents as having no, or one or more of the following: 1) depression, 2) anxiety, and 3) regular alcohol use. Multivariable adjusted regression analyses were used to examine whether baseline (2018) self-report conditions were associated with quit attempts; quit success; and vaping status by follow-up (2020).
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