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The Astronomical Images in the First Chinese Treatise on the Telescope by Johann Adam Schall von Bell Revisited.
NTM
September 2020
Department of the History of Science and Scientific Archaeology, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China.
A reanalysis of the eight astronomical images that Johann Adam Schall von Bell incorporated in the first Chinese treatise on the telescope to illustrate the telescopic discoveries made by Galileo Galilei shows that they were borrowed from the works on telescopic astronomy by Galileo Galilei and Johann Georg Locher, a student of Christopher Scheiner. Except minor changes to both Galileo's illustrations of the telescopic view of the moon and nebulae and Locher's illustration of sunspots, Locher's images about the phases of Venus and Jovian satellites were redrawn presumably to convey a clearer commitment to Tycho Brahe's system of the world and most of the contents in Locher's image of Saturn was replaced by Schall's own observation. These changes seem to be the result of two important factors that confined the transcultural transmission of astronomical knowledge from Europe to China through the Jesuits in the seventeenth century, namely the official standpoint of the Catholic Church on the ongoing cosmological issues and the cultural tradition of Chinese astronomy.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAfter Johannes Kepler's supposition of inverted and reversed retinal images and Christoph Scheiner's anatomical demonstration of such an inversion, the question arose whether this inversion is necessary and how it is possible to see an upright world based on an inverted image. The answer to this question is commonly attributed to the American psychologist George M. Stratton, who produced, in 1896, upright retinal images by means of lenses and showed that after a phase of inverted perception, upright vision is restored.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFA generic interface to reduce the efficiency-stability-cost gap of perovskite solar cells.
Science
December 2017
Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
Article Synopsis
- The commercialization of thin-film solar cells using organic lead perovskites is hindered by interface loss in current devices.
- A new interface architecture combines efficient hole-transporting materials that are both reliable and cost-effective, improving performance without sacrificing stability.
- Ta-WO-doped multilayers have been shown to create better electrical contacts, achieving up to 21.2% efficiency and over 1000 hours of light stability in specific perovskite solar cell designs.
The invention of atmosphere.
Stud Hist Philos Sci
August 2015
History Department, Oakland University, 416 Varner Hall, Rochester, MI 48309, USA. Electronic address:
The word "atmosphere" was a neologism Willebrord Snellius created for his Latin translation of Simon Stevin's cosmographical writings. Astronomers and mathematical practitioners, such as Snellius and Christoph Scheiner, applying the techniques of Ibn Mu'ādh and Witelo, were the first to use the term in their calculations of the height of vapors that cause twilight. Their understandings of the atmosphere diverged from Aristotelian divisions of the aerial region.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF[Christoph Scheiner and the physiological optics of the eye].
Klin Monbl Augenheilkd
October 2014
Universitätsklinik für Augenheilkunde und Optometrie, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Österreich.
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