β-Phenyl quenching of 9-phenylphenalenones: a novel photocyclisation reaction with biological implications.

The singlet and triplet excited states of 9-phenylphenalenones undergo β-phenyl quenching (BPQ) via addition of the carbonyl oxygen to the ortho position of the phenyl substituent. This reaction leads to the formation of naphthoxanthenes , which, in the absence of quenchers, undergo a very rapid electrocyclic ring opening reaction reverting to within a few microseconds. Naphthoxanthene contains a remarkably weak C-H bond, which enables efficient hydrogen transfer reactions to suitable acceptors, giving rise to the production of the naphthoxanthenyl radical or the naphthoxanthenium cation, depending on the solvent polarity. The study uncovers a number of new aspects of BPQ and suggests an excited state-mediated metabolic pathway in the biosynthesis of plant fluorones.