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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2014.925169 | DOI Listing |
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Bone measurements interact with phenotypic measures in canine Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked muscle disease with weakness, loss of ambulation, and premature death. DMD patients have reduced bone health, including decreased femur length (FL), density, and fractures. The mouse model has paradoxically greater FL, density, and strength, positively correlating with muscle mass.
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Department of Immunology, School of Medicine and Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico.
Co-inhibitory molecules, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), known as immune checkpoints, regulate the activity of T and myeloid cells during chronic viral infections and are well-established for their roles in cancer therapy. However, their involvement in chronic bacterial infections, particularly those caused by pathogens endemic to developing countries, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains incompletely understood. Cytokine microenvironment determines the expression of co-inhibitory molecules in tuberculosis: Results indicate that the cytokine IL-12, in the presence of Mtb antigens, can enhance the expression of co-inhibitory molecules while preserving the effector and memory phenotypes of CD4+ T cells.
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Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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View Article and Find Full Text PDFThis conceptual paper considers the practice implications of assisted dying for contemporary nursing practice within the United Kingdom in response to the publication of a parliamentary report leading to a private members' bill that will form the basis of a debate and possible change in legislation. A recurring theme within the nursing research is how nurses should respond to patients expressing an interest or making a request for assisted dying. This paper explores contemporary evidence and argues that the procedure of assisted dying is a complex (manifold) and puzzling (paradoxical) practice.
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The large majority of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases are sporadic with unknown genetic causes. In contrast, only a small percentage of AD cases are familial, with known genetic causes. Paradoxically, there are only few validated mouse models of sporadic AD but many of familial AD.
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