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Thermal stress and toxicity. | LitMetric

Thermal stress and toxicity.

Compr Physiol

Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health Effects and Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, North Carolina.

Published: July 2014

AI Article Synopsis

  • Higher temperatures increase the toxicity of air pollutants and chemicals, while lower, cooler temperatures during testing in rodents can lead to a regulated hypothermic response that affects how toxicants are cleared from their bodies.
  • While mild hypothermia helps in recovery, raising temperatures above thermoneutrality hastens the clearance but worsens the toxicity of substances.
  • Human responses to toxicants differ from rodents; heat stress in humans can worsen toxic effects, as mechanisms like sweating enhance uptake of chemicals, highlighting the complexity of translating animal study results to human health.

Article Abstract

Elevating ambient temperature above thermoneutrality exacerbates toxicity of most air pollutants, insecticides, and other toxic chemicals. On the other hand, safety and toxicity testing of toxicants and drugs is usually performed in mice and rats maintained at sub-thermoneutral temperatures of ~22∘C. When exposed to chemical toxicants under these relatively cool conditions, rodents typically undergo a regulated hypothermic response, characterized by preference for cooler ambient temperatures and controlled reduction in core temperature. Reducing core temperature delays the clearance of most toxicants from the body; however, a mild hypothermia also improves recovery and survival from the toxicant. Raising ambient temperature to thermoneutrality and above increases the rate of clearance of the toxicant but also exacerbates toxicity. Furthermore, heat stress combined with work or exercise is likely to worsen toxicity. Body temperature of large mammals, including humans, does not decrease as much in response to exposure to a toxicant. However, heat stress can nonetheless worsen toxic outcome in humans through a variety of mechanisms. For example, heat-induced sweating and elevation in skin blood flow accelerates uptake of some insecticides. Epidemiological studies suggest that thermal stress may exacerbate the toxicity of airborne pollutants such as ozone and particulate matter. Overall, translating results of studies in rodents to that of humans is a formidable task attributed in part to the interspecies differences in thermoregulatory response to the toxicants and to thermal stress.

Download full-text PDF

Source
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c130046DOI Listing

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