University of Hamburg, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. Electronic address:
Published: February 2015
AI Article Synopsis
Article Abstract
Recombinant α- and β-galactosidases could be prepared in larger amounts for chemoenzymatic syntheses of glycosylated oligosaccharides relevant in nutrition approaches. α-Galactosidase RafA from Escherichia coli, another thermophilic α-galactosidase AgaB from Geobacillus stearothermophilus KVE39, and also a thermophilic β-galactosidase BglT from Thermus thermophilus TH 125 could be employed in α- and in β-glycosylations, respectively. With model structures as well as sucrose, isomaltitol, and isomaltulose the stereo- and regiospecificities were studied. Further, a number of modified donor structures with structural variation and different leaving groups were synthesized, employed, and compared to classical donors for these transglycosylations.
Background: With the elevated level of NAFLD prevalence, the incidence of diabetes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome and other diseases is also significantly elevated. GLP-1RA can exert weight loss, glucose-lowering effects and various nonglycaemic effects. However, the relationship between quantitative reduction in hepatic fat content and improvement of pancreatic islet function by GLP-1RA is unclear.
Deficits in IL-2 signaling can precipitate autoimmunity by altering the function and survival of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) while high concentrations of IL-2 fuel inflammatory responses. Recently, we showed that the non-beta IL-2 SYNTHORIN molecule SAR444336 (SAR'336) can bypass the induction of autoimmune and inflammatory responses by increasing its reliance on IL-2 receptor α chain subunit (CD25) to provide a bona fide IL-2 signal selectively to Tregs, making it an attractive approach for the control of autoimmunity. In this report, we further demonstrate that SAR'336 can support non-beta IL-2 signaling in murine Tregs and limit NK and CD8+ T cells' proliferation and function.
Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza A virus (IAV) are significant agents of pneumonia cases and severe respiratory infections globally. Secondary bacterial infections, particularly by Streptococcus pneumoniae, are common in IAV-infected individuals, leading to critical outcomes. Despite reducing mortality, pneumococcal vaccines have high production costs and are serotype specific.
This study was designed to investigate how the strength of the interaction between octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and modified chondroitin-A sulfate (CS-A), a glycosaminoglycan, regulates the adsorption-desorption of cytokines and subsequently affects the osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro. The utilization of cytokines produced by cells, such as macrophages, stimulated by the hydrolysis of OCP, is expected to enhance the bone regeneration capacity of the OCP. CS-Na was used to modify CS-A on the OCP immobilized with the amino group through electrostatic interactions.
