Pigeons typically pause following food presentation on schedules that program food at regular intervals. These postreinforcement pauses (prps) are a constant proportion of the interfood interval (IFI). Wynne and Staddon (1988) proposed one-back linear waiting as an account for postreinforcement pausing, or waiting time, as they called it, on response-initiated-delay schedules. Moreover, they implied that the same process could account for the prp on all fixed-interval schedules. This study examined prp performance of pigeons on two chained schedules of reinforcement, one with cyclically-changing IFIs and one in which the IFI was constant. The results provide support for the linear waiting hypothesis and replicate the findings of Innis et al. (1993) who examined performance on similar chained schedules.
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Neurosci Biobehav Rev
January 2025
Arizona State University, United States.
Substance abuse research depends on precise and sensitive assessments of reinforcer efficacy in animal models. However, conventional methods often lack theoretical rigor and specificity to support these assessments. To address these gaps, the Modular Maximization Theory (MMT) is introduced as a comprehensive framework for understanding instrumental behavior.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPharmacol Biochem Behav
November 2024
Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States of America. Electronic address:
Anhedonia and avolition are emotions frequently endorsed by individuals with stress related disorders. Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) activation can induce negative emotions and recent clinical evidence suggests that KOR antagonism can alleviate anhedonia in a transdiagnostic cohort of patients. However, the behavioral consequences of KOR activation and antagonism in modulating motivation, as assessed by schedule-controlled behavioral performance without preexisting conditions (stress or substance use), have not been formally assessed.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFQ J Exp Psychol (Hove)
December 2024
Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
The post-reinforcement pause (PRP) is an operant effect in which response latencies increase on trials following the receipt and consumption of reward. Human studies demonstrate analogous effects in electronic gambling machines that utilise random ratio reinforcement schedules. We sought to identify moderators of the human PRP effect, hypothesising that the magnitude of gamblers' PRPs is moderated by the type of reinforcing outcome (genuine wins vs.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBehav Processes
February 2024
Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada.
Extinction and positive contrast effects were assessed on a multiple schedule with lever pressing as the operant in one component and wheel running as the operant in the other component. FR 15 schedules produced 15% sucrose reinforcement in each component. Contrast for both operants was generated by placing responding in the alternate component on extinction.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNeurotoxicology
January 2023
Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
Air pollution (AP) is becoming recognized as a major threat to neurological health across the lifespan with increased risk of both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. AP is a complex mixture of gases and particulate matter, with adsorbed contaminants including metals and trace elements, which may differentially contribute to its neurodevelopmental impacts. Iron (Fe) is one of the most abundant metals found in AP, and Fe concentrations may drive some behavioral deficits observed in children.
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