A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09&a=1): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests

Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php

Line Number: 197

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 197
Function: file_get_contents

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 271
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3145
Function: getPubMedXML

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 575
Function: pubMedSearch_Global

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 489
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

Laser light scan analysis of the "anticonvulsant face". | LitMetric

Laser light scan analysis of the "anticonvulsant face".

Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol

The Department of Orthodontics, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.

Published: December 2014

Background: The "anticonvulsant face," with a short nose, broad nasal bridge, epicanthal folds, and wide mouth, was described in the 1970s in children who had been exposed during pregnancy to the anticonvulsant drugs phenytoin and phenobarbital. The laser light scan makes it possible to establish three-dimensional positions of physical features and to determine more objectively the changes in the size and shape of the affected soft tissues of the faces of children exposed to these anticonvulsant drugs during pregnancy.

Methods: Thirteen individuals, exposed throughout pregnancy to phenytoin as either monotherapy or polytherapy, were identified in a previous analysis as having significant changes in their craniofacial features based on measurements of cephalometric radiographs. Those changes were associated with midface hypoplasia and a short nose, features of the "anticonvulsant face." The soft tissues of their faces have been evaluated with laser light scans.

Results: The notable changes in soft tissues identified by laser light scans were a wide philtrum (cph-cph), narrow mouth (ch-ch), short nasal bridge (n-prn), shortened nose height (n-sn), and flattened orbits (orbital protrusion index).

Conclusion: This analysis of the facial features of phenytoin-exposed individuals, selected because of changes in their craniofacial bony structures, showed that there were several significant changes, two of which, widening of the philtrum and a small mouth, have not been described previously as part of this phenotype.

Download full-text PDF

Source
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4246044PMC
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdra.23250DOI Listing

Publication Analysis

Top Keywords

laser light
16
"anticonvulsant face"
12
soft tissues
12
light scan
8
short nose
8
nasal bridge
8
mouth described
8
children exposed
8
exposed pregnancy
8
anticonvulsant drugs
8

Similar Publications

Want AI Summaries of new PubMed Abstracts delivered to your In-box?

Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!