Convergence of the ensemble Kalman filter in the limit for large ensembles to the Kalman filter is proved. In each step of the filter, convergence of the ensemble sample covariance follows from a weak law of large numbers for exchangeable random variables, the continuous mapping theorem gives convergence in probability of the ensemble members, and bounds on the ensemble then give convergence.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10492-011-0031-2 | DOI Listing |
J Phys Chem B
December 2024
Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group, NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Visualization, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801-3028, United States.
Diffusion of mobile charge carriers, such as ferredoxin and plastocyanin, often constitutes a rate-determining step in photosynthetic energy conversion. The diffusion time scales typically exceed that of other primary bioenergetic processes and remain beyond the reach of direct simulation at the molecular level. We characterize the diffusive kinetics of ferredoxin and plastocyanin upon the photosystem I-rich domain of , the most abundant phototroph on Earth by mass.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBMC Public Health
December 2024
School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, College of Information and Biomedical Engineering, Pusan National University, 49-Budandaehak-Ro, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea.
Numerous existing studies reported the negative impacts of outdoor nitrogen dioxide (NO) on respiratory mortality. However, the evidence of related high-risk populations was considerably limited, especially associated with ages, causes of death, and district-level characteristics. In addition, most earlier studies were based on monitored areas, thus previous risk estimates of NO could be biased to provide nationwide risk estimates and high-risk populations.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPhys Rev E
November 2024
Integrated Research on Energy, Environment and Society, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
The field of complex networks studies a wide variety of interacting systems by representing them as networks. To understand their properties and mutual relations, the randomization of network connections is a commonly used tool. However, information-theoretic randomization methods with well-established foundations mostly provide a stationary description of these systems, while stochastic randomization methods that account for their dynamic nature lack such general foundations and require extensive repetition of the stochastic process to measure statistical properties.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPLoS One
December 2024
School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea.
Several studies reported the roles of short-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on violent behaviors; however, existing findings had a limitation in assessing the population-representative association between violence and PM2.5 due to the limited data availability: most studies have been based on homicides in monitored urban areas.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMaterials (Basel)
November 2024
School of Management Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243002, China.
Strength testing of concrete mainly relies on physical experiments, which are not only time-consuming but also costly. To solve this problem, machine learning has proven to be a promising technological tool in concrete strength prediction. In order to improve the accuracy of the model in predicting the compressive strength of concrete, this paper chooses to optimize the base learner of the ensemble learning model.
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