Impact of the cell life-cycle on bacteriophage T4 infection.

Synchronized Escherichia coli cultures were infected with bacteriophage T4 at discrete points in the cell growth cycle. The cell cycle had a significant impact on the outcome of infection. Cell burst size was smallest for newly formed cells and increased dramatically as these progressed in the cell cycle. The largest burst sizes were achieved when infecting cells immediately prior to cell division. When cells were infected during cell division, the burst size was reduced back to its initial value. Interestingly, lysis time was longest for young cells, reached a minimum at the same point that burst size reached its maximum value, and then increased at the commencement of cell division. Consequently, phage productivity in cells about to undergo cell division was almost three times greater than the productivity of young, newly formed cells. The availability of intracellular resources is believed to be the major driving force behind phage productivity during infection. Indeed, intracellular RNA contents at the time of infection were found to correlate strongly with phage productivity. There was no significant relationship between cell DNA levels and phage productivity. Finally, burst size experiments suggested that the cell cycle also influenced the likelihood of a phage to undergo productive infection.