Gene transfer: transformation/electroporation.

Since Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a non-naturally competent bacterium, various methods have been developed to transfer exogenous DNA. Alternatively to transduction and conjugation, electroporation can also be used to transfer exogenous DNA molecules into Pseudomonas. Electroporation uses an electric field which generates pores in bacterial membranes allowing the entry of the exogenous DNA molecule. In contrast to conjugation which is restricted to the transfer of DNA from one bacterial cell to another, electroporation can be used to transfer all types of DNA resuspended in water.