Purpose: We report on first evidence of simultaneous occurrence of West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) neuroinvasive infection in humans in Croatia during the transmission season 2013.
Methods: From June to December 2013, a total of 95 patients with clinically suspected WNV infection (WNV fever and neuroinvasive disease) were tested for WNV IgM/IgG antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Twenty-six reactive samples were further tested by virus neutralization test for confirmation.
Results: WNV neuroinvasive infection was confirmed in 20 patients, while in three patients USUV neutralizing antibodies were detected. Cases occurred during the 11-week interval (from 24 July to 07 October 2013). Both WNV and USUV cases were distributed in three north-western Croatian counties. In addition to human cases, recent asymptomatic WNV infection (detection of IgM antibodies) was recorded in 9/3,460 (0.3 %) tested sentinel horses. Infected animals were recorded in two eastern and one north-western county.
Conclusions: Our results indicate co-circulation of WNV and USUV in Croatia. WNV infection could be misdiagnosed with other emerging infectious diseases presenting with neurological symptoms such as USUV infection.
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