Finite element contact analysis as a critical technique in dental biomechanics: a review.

Purpose: Nonlinear finite element contact analysis is used to mathematically estimate stress and strain in a time- and status-dependent mechanical model. However, the benefits and limitations of this method have not been thoroughly examined.

Study Selection: The current review summarizes the utility of contact analysis in characterizing individual stressors: (1) tooth-to-tooth contact, (2) restorative interface, and (3) bone-implant integration.

Results: Opposing tooth contact, friction, and sliding phenomena were simulated to estimate stress distribution and assess the failure risk for tooth enamel, composite, and ceramic restorations. Mechanical tests such as the flexural tests were simulated with the contact analysis to determine the rationale underlying experimental findings. The tooth-restoration complex was modeled with interface contact elements that simulate imperfect bonding, and the normal and tangential stresses were calculated to predict failure progression. Previous studies have used a friction coefficient to represent osseointegration adjacent to dental implants, but the relationship between interface friction and the bone quality is unknown. An understanding of the local stress and strain may better predict loss of osseointegration, however, the effective stress as a critical contributor to bone degradation and formation has not been established.

Conclusions: Contact analysis provides numerous benefits for dental and oral health sciences, however, a fundamental understanding and improved methodology are necessary.