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Background: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) represents a critical complications of end-stage liver disease, serving as an independent predictor of mortality among patients with cirrhosis. Despite effective treatment with rifaximin, some patients with HE still progress to recurrent episodes, posing a significant therapeutic challenge. Recurrent HE is defined as experiencing two or more episodes within a 6-month period.

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Diarrhea is a common illness for travelers. Traveler's diarrhea is typically defined as experiencing at least three unformed stools per day during a stay abroad or within 10 days of returning from the destination. In this review, we consulted five databases, namely, Medicine Complete, Medscape, Drugs.

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[Research progress on albumin therapy for hepatic encephalopathy].

Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi

September 2024

Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401336, China.

Article Synopsis
  • - Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a serious brain dysfunction that occurs in patients with advanced liver disease and is characterized by a range of neurological issues, from minor changes to coma, due to liver failure and abnormal blood flow.
  • - The causes of HE are complex, mainly involving factors like ammonia buildup, inflammation, and gut microbiome changes, but the treatment options currently available are non-specific and include medications like lactulose and rifaximin.
  • - Recent studies suggest that human albumin may be a promising treatment for HE, as it not only helps improve cognitive function but also boosts the overall quality of life for patients.
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Microbiota modulation in disorders of gut-brain interaction.

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December 2024

IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy. Electronic address:

Disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) are common chronic conditions characterized by persistent and recurring gastrointestinal symptoms triggered by several pathophysiological factors, including an altered gut microbiota. The most common DGBI are irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional constipation (FC) and functional dyspepsia (FD). Recently, a deep understanding of the role of the gut microbiota in these diseases was possible due to multi-omics methods capable to provide a comprehensive assessment.

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Can rifaximin for hepatic encephalopathy be discontinued during broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment?

World J Hepatol

February 2024

Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Padua, Padova 35122, Italy.

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a formidable complication in patients with decompensated cirrhosis, often necessitating the administration of rifaximin (RFX) for effective management. RFX, is a gut-restricted, poorly-absorbable oral rifamycin derived antibiotic that can be used in addition to lactulose for the secondary prophylaxis of HE. It has shown notable reductions in infection, hospital readmission, duration of hospital stay, and mortality.

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