AI Article Synopsis
- PPARs are key regulators of genes involved in energy metabolism, influencing processes like fatty acid oxidation and insulin sensitivity.
- Extracts from Pacific krill contain compounds like 8-HEPE and 9-HEPE that act as potent ligands for PPARs, enhancing gene transcription more effectively than other compounds.
- Specifically, 8-HEPE significantly boosts gene expression related to fat storage and glucose uptake in various cell types, demonstrating its superior physiological effects compared to EPA.
Article Abstract
PPARs regulate the expression of genes for energy metabolism in a ligand-dependent manner. PPARs can influence fatty acid oxidation, the level of circulating triglycerides, glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity. Here, we demonstrate that 5-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (HEPE), 8-HEPE, 9-HEPE, 12-HEPE and 18-HEPE (hydroxylation products of EPA) obtained from methanol extracts of Pacific krill (Euphausia pacifica) can act as PPAR ligands. Two of these products, 8-HEPE and 9-HEPE, enhanced the transcription levels of GAL4-PPARs to a significantly greater extent than 5-HEPE, 12-HEPE, 18-HEPE, EPA, and EPA ethyl-ester. 8-HEPE also activated significantly higher transcription of GAL4-PPARα, GAL4-PPARγ, and GAL4-PPARδ than EPA at concentrations greater than 4, 64, and 64 μM, respectively. We also demonstrated that 8-HEPE increased the expression levels of genes regulated by PPARs in FaO, 3T3-F442A, and C2C12 cells. Furthermore, 8-HEPE enhanced adipogenesis and glucose uptake. By contrast, at the same concentrations, EPA showed weak or little effect, indicating that 8-HEPE was the more potent inducer of physiological effects.
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| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3995467 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M047514 | DOI Listing |
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