The influence of reward on cognitive processes including visual perception, spatial attention, and perceptual learning has become an increasingly important field of study in recent years. For example, Tseng and Lleras (Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 75(2), 287-298, 2013) investigated whether reward has an effect on implicit learning of target-distractor arrangements in visual search-that is, contextual cueing (Chun & Jiang Cognitive Psychology, 36(1), 28-71, 1998). They found that reward expedited the development of the cueing effect-that is, the reaction time difference between repeated and nonrepeated displays. However, their analysis did not account for potential effects of reward on the learning of individual target locations-that is, probability cueing (Jiang, Swallow, & Rosenbaum Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 39, 285-297, 2013). The present study was a replication of Tseng and Lleras (Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 75(2), 287-298, 2013) that took into account reward effects on configural and locational learning, as well. We found that reward led to performance gains even in baseline ("new") displays, which contained only repeated target, but not distractor, locations. Furthermore, contextual cueing was smaller, and not larger, in high- than in low-reward trials. We concluded that reward modulates probability, and not contextual, cueing, and that this mechanism can account for the findings of Tseng and Lleras.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-014-0668-5 | DOI Listing |
J Vis
March 2019
Cognitive Neuroscience of Perception and Action, Department of Psychology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
Modulations of visual attention due to expectation of reward were frequently reported in recent years. Recent studies revealed that reward can modulate the implicit learning of repeated context configurations (e.g.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAtten Percept Psychophys
April 2014
Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany,
The influence of reward on cognitive processes including visual perception, spatial attention, and perceptual learning has become an increasingly important field of study in recent years. For example, Tseng and Lleras (Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 75(2), 287-298, 2013) investigated whether reward has an effect on implicit learning of target-distractor arrangements in visual search-that is, contextual cueing (Chun & Jiang Cognitive Psychology, 36(1), 28-71, 1998). They found that reward expedited the development of the cueing effect-that is, the reaction time difference between repeated and nonrepeated displays.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPLoS One
January 2015
Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America.
While attentional effects in visual selection tasks have traditionally been assigned "top-down" or "bottom-up" origins, more recently it has been proposed that there are three major factors affecting visual selection: (1) physical salience, (2) current goals and (3) selection history. Here, we look further into selection history by investigating Priming of Pop-out (POP) and the Distractor Preview Effect (DPE), two inter-trial effects that demonstrate the influence of recent history on visual search performance. Using the Ratcliff diffusion model, we model observed saccadic selections from an oddball search experiment that included a mix of both POP and DPE conditions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAtten Percept Psychophys
February 2013
Department of Psychology and Human Factors Division, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
It is well known that observers can implicitly learn the spatial context of complex visual searches, such that future searches through repeated contexts are completed faster than those through novel contexts, even though observers remain at chance at discriminating repeated from new contexts. This contextual-cueing effect arises quickly (within less than five exposures) and asymptotes within 30 exposures to repeated contexts. In spite of being a robust effect (its magnitude is over 100 ms at the asymptotic level), the effect is implicit: Participants are usually at chance at discriminating old from new contexts at the end of an experiment, in spite of having seen each repeated context more than 30 times throughout a 50-min experiment.
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