The Tvv1 retrotransposon family is conserved between plant genomes separated by over 100 million years.

Combining several different approaches, we have examined the structure, variability, and distribution of Tvv1 retrotransposons. Tvv1 is an unusual example of a low-copy retrotransposon metapopulation dispersed unevenly among very distant species and is promising for the development of molecular markers. Retrotransposons are ubiquitous throughout the genomes of the vascular plants, but individual retrotransposon families tend to be confined to the level of plant genus or at most family. This restricts the general applicability of a family as molecular markers. Here, we characterize a new plant retrotransposon named Tvv1_Sdem, a member of the Copia superfamily of LTR retrotransposons, from the genome of the wild potato Solanum demissum. Comparative analyses based on structure and sequence showed a high level of similarity of Tvv1_Sdem with Tvv1-VB, a retrotransposon previously described in the grapevine genome Vitis vinifera. Extending the analysis to other species by in silico and in vitro approaches revealed the presence of Tvv1 family members in potato, tomato, and poplar genomes, and led to the identification of full-length copies of Tvv1 in these species. We were also able to identify polymorphism in UTL sequences between Tvv1_Sdem copies from wild and cultivated potatoes that are useful as molecular markers. Combining different approaches, our results suggest that the Tvv1 family of retrotransposons has a monophyletic origin and has been maintained in both the rosids and the asterids, the major clades of dicotyledonous plants, since their divergence about 100 MYA. To our knowledge, Tvv1 represents an unusual plant retrotransposon metapopulation comprising highly similar members disjointedly dispersed among very distant species. The twin features of Tvv1 presence in evolutionarily distant genomes and the diversity of its UTL region in each species make it useful as a source of robust molecular markers for diversity studies and breeding.