AI Article Synopsis
- The kappa-opioid system is linked to stress-related nicotine addiction, but the exact mechanisms are still unclear.
- Treatment with kappa-opioid receptor antagonists may help reduce nicotine cravings triggered by stress.
- Research showed that blocking kappa-opioid receptors could prevent stress-induced relapse in rats, suggesting potential new therapies for nicotine addiction.
Article Abstract
Rationale: The correlation between stress and smoking is well established. The mechanisms that underlie this relationship are, however, unclear. Recent data suggest that the kappa-opioid system is involved in the mediation of negative affective states associated with stress thereby promoting drug addiction and relapse. Pharmacological treatments targeting the kappa-opioid system and this mechanism may prove to be useful therapeutics for nicotine addiction in the future.
Objectives: We sought to determine whether there was a stress-specific role of the kappa-opioid system in nicotine seeking behavior.
Method: Groups of male Long Evans rats were trained to self-administer nicotine intravenously; their operant responding for nicotine was extinguished prior to tests of reinstatement. Pretreatment with systemic injections of the kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) was given prior to tests of stress (systemic injections of yohimbine (YOH)) or cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking. Systemic injections of the KOR agonist U50,488 were also given in a test for reinstatement of nicotine seeking.
Results: Nor-BNI pretreatment at 1h and 24h prior to testing was able to block YOH-induced, but not cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking. U50,488 reinstated nicotine seeking behavior in a dose-dependent manner.
Conclusions: These findings support the hypothesis that the kappa-opioid system is involved in relapse to nicotine seeking induced by stress, but not by conditioned cues. KOR antagonists such as nor-BNI may therefore be useful novel therapeutic agents for decreasing the risk of stress-induced drug relapse.
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|---|---|
| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4082245 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2014.02.029 | DOI Listing |
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- Factors linked to higher reports of side effects included being younger, still smoking, vaping for less than six months, and using nicotine or certain flavors like menthol/mint while vaping.
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