Cavernomas of the human brainstem: 3-dimensional reconstruction from histological slides using computerized techniques.

Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are described as vascular lesions consisting of endothelial-lined dilated vessels embedded in a connective tissue sheath without intervening parenchyma between them. Their anatomical connections with the normal blood vessels are still enigmatic and the fine three-dimensional (3-D) organization of these vascular lesions remains to be established. Two stacks of serial histological slices, obtained from two brainstem CCM lesions (from the necropsy of a CCM2 male patient), were stained using Masson's trichrome method and then digitized. Stacks of regions of interest underwent quasi-automatic processing: 1) propagative registering using blockmatching algorithms and Brain Visa programs; 2) 3-D segmentation using Aphelion; 3) display with Anatomist or ImageVis3D. These first histological 3-D reconstructions show the external limits of the caverns defined as the external limit of their collagen sheath. These pictures not only reveal the gross spatial organization of the lesions, but due to their high resolution (4 μm) and with the help of simple anaglyphic 3-D rendering, they also allow the visualization of connections between caverns and very small blood vessels.