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What 'unexplored' means: mapping regions with digitized natural history records to look for 'biodiversity blindspots'.
PeerJ
January 2025
Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States.
We examined global records of accessible natural history voucher collections (with publicly available data and reliable locality data) for terrestrial and freshwater vascular plants, fungi, freshwater fishes, birds, mammals, and herpetofauna (amphibians and reptiles) and highlight areas of the world that would be considered undersampled and sometimes called 'unexplored' (., have relatively low, or no evidence of, past sampling efforts) under typical Western-scientific descriptions. We also question what 'unexplored' may mean in these contexts and explain how replacing the term in favor of more nuanced phrasing (.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEstimating Wingbeat Frequency of Hummingbirds using a No-labeling Learning Computer Vision Approach.
Integr Comp Biol
January 2025
Centro de investigación Colibrí Gorriazul, Cundinamarca, Colombia.
Wingbeat frequency estimation is an important aspect for the study of avian flight, energetics, and behavioral patterns, among others. Hummingbirds, in particular, are ideal subjects to test a method for this estimation due to their fast wing motions and unique aerodynamics, which results from their ecological diversification, adaptation to high-altitude environments, and sexually selected displays. Traditionally, wingbeat frequency measurements have been done via "manual" image/sound processing.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTerrestrial bird populations on small, species depauperate islands often experience selection for generalist foraging traits via ecological release; however, it is unclear how island conditions may uniquely influence other life-history characteristics of small-island birds, such as the unusually high rates of molt-breeding overlap exhibited on the island of Grenada. To explore this question, we collected data on the life cycles and diets of 10 commonly occurring Grenadian bird species to assess the degree of generalist foraging and evaluate how seasonal patterns in diet niche breadth and diet overlap among species relates to the high rates of molt-breeding overlap. We evaluated three hypotheses explaining drivers of molt-breeding overlap (constraints on molt rate, unpredictable food abundance, and limited duration of food abundance), and suggest that widespread overlap in small-island tropical communities may be the result of generalist foraging adaptations and restricted time periods of sufficient invertebrate availability for successful breeding and molt to occur.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe ongoing panzootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) viruses is the largest in history, with unprecedented transmission to multiple mammalian species. Avian influenza A viruses of the H5 subtype circulate globally among birds and are classified into distinct clades based on their hemagglutinin (HA) genetic sequences. Thus, the ability to accurately and rapidly assign clades to newly sequenced isolates is key to surveillance and outbreak response.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWinter survival of a small predator is determined by the amount of food in hoards.
J Anim Ecol
January 2025
Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
The hoarding behaviour of animals has evolved to reduce starvation risk when food resources are scarce, but effects of food limitation on survival of hoarding animals is poorly understood. Eurasian pygmy owls (Glaucidium passerinum) hoard small mammals and birds in natural cavities and nest boxes in late autumn for later use in the following winter. We studied the relative influence of the food biomass in hoards of pygmy owls on their over-winter and over-summer apparent survival.
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