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Neurotoxicity of coral snake phospholipases A2 in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. | LitMetric

AI Article Synopsis

  • - The study examined the neurotoxicity of two secreted phospholipases A2 (Mlx-8 and Mlx-9) from Brazilian coral snake venom on rat hippocampal cells, highlighting cellular calcium increase and mitochondrial dysfunction as early indicators of toxicity.
  • - Cell viability tests showed that exposure to these toxins significantly reduced neuron survival and led to various forms of cell death, including apoptotic and necrotic signs observed under electron microscopy.
  • - The findings suggest a hybrid mode of cell death associated with the toxins that includes overlapping characteristics of apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis, indicating that these venom components are harmful to brain cells.

Article Abstract

The neurotoxicity of two secreted Phospholipases A2 from Brazilian coral snake venom in rat primary hippocampal cell culture was investigated. Following exposure to Mlx-8 or Mlx-9 toxins, an increase in free cytosolic Ca(2+) and a reduction in mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) became evident and occurred prior to the morphological changes and cytotoxicity. Exposure of hippocampal neurons to Mlx-8 or Mlx-9 caused a decrease in the cell viability as assessed by MTT and LDH assays. Inspection using fluorescent images and ultrastructural analysis by scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that multiphase injury is characterized by overlapping cell death phenotypes. Shrinkage, membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, nucleosomal DNA fragmentation and the formation of apoptotic bodies were observed. The most striking alteration observed in the electron microscopy was the fragmentation and rarefaction of the neuron processes network. Degenerated terminal synapses, cell debris and apoptotic bodies were observed among the fragmented fibers. Numerous large vacuoles as well as swollen mitochondria and dilated Golgi were noted. Necrotic signs such as a large amount of cellular debris and membrane fragmentation were observed mainly when the cells were exposed to highest concentration of the PLA2-neurotoxins. PLA2s exposed cultures showed cytoplasmic vacuoles filled with cell debris, clusters of mitochondria presented mitophagy-like structures that are in accordance to patterns of programmed cell death by autophagy. Finally, we demonstrated that the sPLA2s, Mlx-8 and Mlx-9, isolated from the Micrurus lemniscatus snake venom induce a hybrid cell death with apoptotic, autophagic and necrotic features. Furthermore, this study suggests that the augment in free cytosolic Ca(2+) and mitochondrial dysfunction are involved in the neurotoxicity of Elapid coral snake venom sPLA2s.

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Source
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.008DOI Listing

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