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iBCS: 4. Application of the Inhalation Biopharmaceutics Classification System to the Development of Orally Inhaled Drug Products.
Mol Pharm
March 2025
Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States.
This is the fourth paper in a series describing an inhalation biopharmaceutics classification system (iBCS), an initiative supported by the Product Quality Research Institute. The paper examines the application of the inhalation Biopharmaceutics Classification System (iBCS) through the drug discovery, development, and postapproval phases for orally inhaled drug products (OIDP) and for the development of generic OIDPs. We consider the implication of the iBCS class in terms of product performance and identify the practical gaps that must be filled to enable the classification system to be adopted into day-to-day practice.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIs Childhood IgA Nephropathy Different From Adult IgA Nephropathy? A Narrative Review.
Can J Kidney Health Dis
March 2025
Departments of Medicine and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, Canada.
Purpose Of The Review: Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerular kidney disease. Children and adults are presumed to have the same disease and are treated similarly. However, there are differences between childhood IgAN and adult IgAN that may require unique treatment considerations, even after transition to adult nephrology services.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWhat do complementary and alternative medicines mean to UK dairy farmers and how do they use them?
Front Vet Sci
February 2025
Centre for Academic Primary Care, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, United Kingdom.
Background: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is used by some farmers to support herd health management practices. There is concern by a large majority of the veterinary community, who consider CAM to be counter to evidence-based practice. Little is known about what and how CAM is used on farms, and it is not clear which products or practices are encompassed by what farmers consider to be CAM.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFExploring the relationship between urban green infrastructure connectivity, size and multifunctionality: a systematic review.
Landsc Ecol
March 2025
Department of Planning and Environmental Management, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL UK.
Context: Urban green infrastructure (GI) multifunctionality is widely valued within the academic literature, and underpins calls from policy makers to enhance and expand GI resources. However, there is a gap in understanding concerning how GI connectivity and size influence GI multifunctionality outcomes.
Objectives: The objectives are to: (1) present the current status of research on urban GI multifunctionality (encompassing ecosystem services and disservices) and the GI traits of connectivity and size; (2) identify relationships between these topics within the literature; (3) provide research insights and present actionable GI planning recommendations based on the findings of the research.
How many is enough? Justifying sample size in descriptive quantitative research.
Nurse Res
March 2025
University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
Background: Descriptive quantitative researchers often use surveys to collect data about a group or phenomenon. Determining the required sample size in descriptive surveys can pose a challenge as there is no simple 'formula' by which to calculate an appropriate sample. However, when a sample is too small the study may fail to answer the research question and too many responses can create resource implications.
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