Complications of neuroimaging.

Modern imaging techniques with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have revolutionized neuroimaging. While eliminating the risks of invasive procedures, new risks must now be considered before ordering neuroimaging. Advanced imaging techniques with CT may pose a risk of significant radiation exposure. Contrast may pose a risk in patients with pre-existing renal failure. MR is associated with risks related to the static magnetic field, to risks associated with the magnetic field gradients, and to risk from contrast media. Neurointervenional techniques allow for nonoperative treatment of a variety of intracranial and spinal pathologies, but with associated risks of embolization, radiation exposure, bleeding complications at the access site and a potential for contrast-related nephropathy.